Name

toupper, tolower, toupper_l, tolower_l — convert uppercase or lowercase

Synopsis

        #include <ctype.h>
int toupper( int c);
 
int tolower( int c);
 
int toupper_l( int c,
  locale_t locale);
 
int tolower_l( int c,
  locale_t locale);
 
[Note] Note
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
toupper_l(), tolower_l():
Since glibc 2.10:
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 700
Before glibc 2.10:
_GNU_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

These functions convert lowercase letters to uppercase, and vice versa.

If c is a lowercase letter, toupper() returns its uppercase equivalent, if an uppercase representation exists in the current locale. Otherwise, it returns c. The toupper_l() function performs the same task, but uses the locale referred to by the locale handle locale.

If c is an uppercase letter, tolower() returns its lowercase equivalent, if a lowercase representation exists in the current locale. Otherwise, it returns c. The tolower_l() function performs the same task, but uses the locale referred to by the locale handle locale.

If c is neither an unsigned char value nor EOF, the behavior of these functions is undefined.

The behavior of toupper_l() and tolower_l() is undefined if locale is the special locale object LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE (see duplocale(3)) or is not a valid locale object handle.

RETURN VALUE

The value returned is that of the converted letter, or c if the conversion was not possible.

ATTRIBUTES

For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

Interface Attribute Value

toupper(), tolower(),

toupper_l(), tolower_l()

Thread safety MT-Safe

CONFORMING TO

toupper(), tolower(): C89, C99, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.

toupper_l(), tolower_l(): POSIX.1-2008.

NOTES

The details of what constitutes an uppercase or lowercase letter depend on the locale. For example, the default C locale does not know about umlauts, so no conversion is done for them.

In some non-English locales, there are lowercase letters with no corresponding uppercase equivalent; the German sharp s is one example.

SEE ALSO

isalpha(3), newlocale(3), setlocale(3), uselocale(3), towlower(3), towupper(3), locale(7)

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 4.07 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man−pages/.


  Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
and Copyright 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com>

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Modified Sat Jul 24 17:45:39 1993 by Rik Faith (faithcs.unc.edu)
Modified 2000-02-13 by Nicolás Lichtmaier <nickdebian.org>